Comparative evaluation of antibacterial efficacy of active oxygen containing versus other dentifrices against Streptococcus mutans count in children with early childhood caries: A clinico-microbiological study.

Background: Fluoridated dentifrices have been used for the prevention of dental caries since ages. However, to avoid the risk of fluorosis, the use of newer nonfluoridated options in dentifrices has shown a great interest in reducing Streptococcus mutans (SM) in early childhood caries (ECC). Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of active oxygen (AO)-based dentifrice with amine fluoride (AF)-, sodium monofluorophosphate (SMP)-, herbal (HB)-, and tricalcium phosphate (TCP)-based dentifrices on SM count in children with ECC. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and fifty children aged 3-6 years with def ≥4 were selected and randomly divided into five groups of 50 each, based on the type of dentifrices used; Group I: AO-based, Group II: TCP, Group III: SMP, Group IV: AF, and Group V: HB dentifrice, and were asked to brush twice daily for 15 days. The saliva samples were collected at baseline, and after 15 days, cultured for SM colonies count. Results: Difference in colony-forming units (CFU)/ml between baseline and 15 days was highly significant in all the five groups (P < 0.001). Significant difference was observed in SM count after 15 days between Groups I and IV (P = 0.017), while nonsignificant differences were seen when compared with Groups II, III, and V (P = 0.975, 0.137, and 0.992). Conclusions: All the dentifrices were efficacious in reducing SM count in children with ECC. Although AO dentifrice showed superior results when compared to SMP, TCP, and HB, it did not prove to be superior to AF.

Fluoride dentifrice containing calcium silicate and sodium phosphate salts on dental erosion: In vitro study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of a commercial dentifrice containing fluoride, calcium silicate, and sodium phosphate and its dual phase gel serum to prevent erosive tooth wear in enamel. METHODS: Forty-eight enamel specimens were selected by surface hardness and randomly allocated into 4 groups (n = 12) according to the commercial toothpastes: non-fluoridated (NF); 1100 ppm Stannous fluoride (SnF2); 1450 ppm MFP + calcium silicate + sodium phosphate (CSSP); CSSP + dual-phase gel (CSSP + Serum). Cyclic experiments were repeated 3x / day for five days, including an erosive challenge with 0.05 M citric acid (pH 3.75 for 30 s), treatment with toothpaste slurries (1 min), and remineralization with artificial saliva (pH 7.0 for 60 min). Surface alterations were determined by stylus profilometry (µm) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey tests (α = 0.05). RESULTS: SnF2, CSSP and CSSP + Serum significantly reduce surface wear compared to NF treated group. Besides, there were no significant differences among SnF2, CSSP and CSSP + Serum. In micrographs of both groups treated with CSSP, the surface demonstrates the presence of a protective layer as a deposition of particles. CONCLUSIONS: Dentifrice containing calcium silicate and sodium phosphate with or without the dual-phase gel was able to prevent the erosive tooth wear.

Effect of dentifrice of varying fluoride concentration on surface microhardness of fluorosed enamel: an in vitro study.

AIM: To evaluate the effect of dentifrice with varying concentrations of fluoride on surface microhardness of fluorosed enamel as compared to a non-fluoridated dentifrice. STUDY DESIGN: In vitro, comparative type. METHOD: 60 enamel blocks with score-3 enamel fluorosis were randomly divided into three groups: Group I non-fluoridated dentifrice, Group II 1000-ppm fluoridated dentifrice and Group III 1400-ppm fluoridated dentifrice. After evaluating the baseline surface microhardness, samples from each group were brushed for 2 min, twice daily for a period of 21 days with 0.02 g of respective interventional agents as per protocol. Microhardness of the samples was re-evaluated at the end of 21 days. Statistical analysis was performed using paired t test, ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: The surface microhardness within the group from the baseline to 21st day post intervention, showed a statistically significant increase in all three groups, hence indicating that all the three interventional agents used were effective against the fluorosed enamel surface. Intergroup comparison of the surface microhardness of fluorosed enamel from baseline to 21st day post intervention showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) amongst the groups with Group III proving most effective followed by Group I and Group II. CONCLUSION: 1400-ppm fluoridated dentifrice is more effective as compared to 1000-ppm fluoridated dentifrice and non-fluoridated dentifrice in increasing the surface microhardness of fluorosed enamel.

Incorporação de flúor no biofilme dentário e fluido do biofilme após o uso de dentifrícios convencional e com concentração reduzida de flúor, em comunidades com diferentes níveis de flúor na água de abastecimento / Fluoride uptake by dental biofilm and biofilm fluid after the use of conventional and low-fluoride dentifrices in communities with different fluoride levels in the drinking water

Avaliou-se a incorporação de flúor (F) no biofilme dentário e fluido do biofilme após o uso de dentifrícios convencional(DC) e com concentração reduzida de F(DCR). A hipótese do estudo foi de que o uso do DCR levaria a uma incorporação proporcionalmente mais alta no biofilme, principalmente nas camadas mais profundas do mesmo, e que estes aumentos seriam refletidos no fluido do biofilme. Na primeira etapa, foram comparadas as concentrações de F e cálcio (Ca) presentes no biofilme após o uso de dentifrícios contendo 0 (dentifrício placebo–DP), 513(DCR) e 1.072(DC) ppm F, em crianças residentes em comunidades contendo 0,04(A), 0,72(B) e 3,36(C) ppm F na água de abastecimento. Seguindo um protocolo duplo-cego e cruzado, as crianças escovaram seus dentes 2 vezes ao dia, durante 7 dias. Amostras de biofilme foram coletadas 1 e 12 horas após a última escovação. Na segunda e terceira etapas, conduzidas somente na comunidade B, avaliou-se a incorporação de F em secções seriais de biofilme formado utilizando “dispositivos in situ de Leeds”, bem como a concentração de F no fluido do biofilme, respectivamente, empregando o protocolo descrito anteriormente. As análises de F foram realizadas após extração ácida (biofilme total), por cromatografia iônica (secções de biofilme) e após tamponamento com TISAB III (fluido do biofilme). As análises de Ca foram realizadas por espectrometria de absorção atômica (primeira e segunda etapas) e por método colorimétrico (terceira etapa). Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA, testes de Tukey e Bonferroni e Análise de Regressão Linear (p<0,05). Na primeira etapa, as concentrações de F estavam diretamente relacionadas às concentrações de F na água de abastecimento, independentemente do dentifrício utilizado. O uso dos dentifrícios fluoretados levou a aumentos significativos nas concentrações de F no biofilme 1h após o uso dos mesmos nas comunidades A e B apenas. Aumentos virtualmente idênticos foram observados 1h após a escovação com o DCR...

This study evaluated fluoride (F) uptake by dental biofilm and biofilm fluid after the use of conventional (CD) and low-fluoride (LFD) dentifrices. The hypothesis of the study was that the use of LDF would lead to a proportionally higher F uptake by the biofilm, mainly in the deepest layers of it, and that such increases would be reflected in the biofilm fluid. In the first phase, F and calcium (Ca) concentrations in the biofilm were compared after the use of dentifrices containing 0 (placebo dentifrice–PD), 513 and 1,072 ppm F, in children living in communities containing 0.04(A), 0.72(B) and 3.36(C) ppm F in the drinking water. Following a double-blind, crossover protocol, children brushed their teeth twice daily, during seven days. Samples of biofilm were collected on the seventh day, 1 and 12 h after the last use of the dentifrices. In the second and third phases, which were conducted only in the community B, we evaluated F uptake in serial sections of biofilms formed using the “Leeds in situ devices”, as well as in the biofilm fluid, respectively, following the same protocol described for the first phase. F analyses were carried out after acid extraction (whole biofilm), by ion chromatography (sections of biofilm) and after buffering with TISAB III (biofilm fluid). Analyses of Ca were done by atomic absorption spectrometry (first and second phases) and colorimetrically (third phase). Results were analyzed by ANOVA, Tukey’s and Bonferroni’s tests, by linear regression analysis and by Pearson’s correlation (p<0.05). For the first phase, mean biofilm F concentrations were directly related to F concentrations in water, regardless of the dentifrice used. The use of the fluoridated dentifrices led to significant increases in F concentrations in the biofilm 1 h after their use, in the communities A and B only. Virtually identical increases were observed 1 h after brushing with CD (ca.1.9 mmolF/kg) and LFD (ca.2.4 mmolF/kg) in the communities A and B when...

Incorporação de flúor no biofilme dentário e fluido do biofilme após o uso de dentifrícios convencional e com concentração reduzida de flúor, em comunidades com diferentes níveis de flúor na água de abastecimento / Fluoride uptake by dental biofilm and biofilm fluid after the use of conventional and low-fluoride dentifrices in communities with different fluoride levels in the drinking water

Avaliou-se a incorporação de flúor (F) no biofilme dentário e fluido do biofilme após o uso de dentifrícios convencional(DC) e com concentração reduzida de F(DCR). A hipótese do estudo foi de que o uso do DCR levaria a uma incorporação proporcionalmente mais alta no biofilme, principalmente nas camadas mais profundas do mesmo, e que estes aumentos seriam refletidos no fluido do biofilme. Na primeira etapa, foram comparadas as concentrações de F e cálcio (Ca) presentes no biofilme após o uso de dentifrícios contendo 0 (dentifrício placebo–DP), 513(DCR) e 1.072(DC) ppm F, em crianças residentes em comunidades contendo 0,04(A), 0,72(B) e 3,36(C) ppm F na água de abastecimento. Seguindo um protocolo duplo-cego e cruzado, as crianças escovaram seus dentes 2 vezes ao dia, durante 7 dias. Amostras de biofilme foram coletadas 1 e 12 horas após a última escovação. Na segunda e terceira etapas, conduzidas somente na comunidade B, avaliou-se a incorporação de F em secções seriais de biofilme formado utilizando “dispositivos in situ de Leeds”, bem como a concentração de F no fluido do biofilme, respectivamente, empregando o protocolo descrito anteriormente. As análises de F foram realizadas após extração ácida (biofilme total), por cromatografia iônica (secções de biofilme) e após tamponamento com TISAB III (fluido do biofilme). As análises de Ca foram realizadas por espectrometria de absorção atômica (primeira e segunda etapas) e por método colorimétrico (terceira etapa). Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA, testes de Tukey e Bonferroni e Análise de Regressão Linear (p<0,05). Na primeira etapa, as concentrações de F estavam diretamente relacionadas às concentrações de F na água de abastecimento, independentemente do dentifrício utilizado. O uso dos dentifrícios fluoretados levou a aumentos significativos nas concentrações de F no biofilme 1h após o uso dos mesmos nas comunidades A e B apenas. Aumentos virtualmente idênticos foram observados 1h após a escovação com o DCR...

This study evaluated fluoride (F) uptake by dental biofilm and biofilm fluid after the use of conventional (CD) and low-fluoride (LFD) dentifrices. The hypothesis of the study was that the use of LDF would lead to a proportionally higher F uptake by the biofilm, mainly in the deepest layers of it, and that such increases would be reflected in the biofilm fluid. In the first phase, F and calcium (Ca) concentrations in the biofilm were compared after the use of dentifrices containing 0 (placebo dentifrice–PD), 513 and 1,072 ppm F, in children living in communities containing 0.04(A), 0.72(B) and 3.36(C) ppm F in the drinking water. Following a double-blind, crossover protocol, children brushed their teeth twice daily, during seven days. Samples of biofilm were collected on the seventh day, 1 and 12 h after the last use of the dentifrices. In the second and third phases, which were conducted only in the community B, we evaluated F uptake in serial sections of biofilms formed using the “Leeds in situ devices”, as well as in the biofilm fluid, respectively, following the same protocol described for the first phase. F analyses were carried out after acid extraction (whole biofilm), by ion chromatography (sections of biofilm) and after buffering with TISAB III (biofilm fluid). Analyses of Ca were done by atomic absorption spectrometry (first and second phases) and colorimetrically (third phase). Results were analyzed by ANOVA, Tukey’s and Bonferroni’s tests, by linear regression analysis and by Pearson’s correlation (p<0.05). For the first phase, mean biofilm F concentrations were directly related to F concentrations in water, regardless of the dentifrice used. The use of the fluoridated dentifrices led to significant increases in F concentrations in the biofilm 1 h after their use, in the communities A and B only. Virtually identical increases were observed 1 h after brushing with CD (ca.1.9 mmolF/kg) and LFD (ca.2.4 mmolF/kg) in the communities A and B when...